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R.L.DegnerS.GranClouserPolopolusChunkasut Mids RokaSWFRECmurcotssocioGabbardG.E.D.DesotoDeSoto79P Pd80P Pd81P Pd82P Pd83P Pd84P Pd85P Pd86P Pd87P Pd88P Pd89P Pd90P PdTable_O91P Pd92P Pd93P Pd94P Pd95P Pd96P Pd97P Pd98P Pd99P Pd 100P Pd 101P Pd 102P Pd 103P Pd 104P Pd 105P Pd 106P Pd 107P Pd 108P Pd 109P Pd 110P Pd 111P PdTable_P 112P Pd 113P Pd 114P Pd 115P Pd 116P Pd 117P Pd 118P Pd 119P Pd 120P Pd 121P Pd 122P Pd 123P Pd 124P Pd 125P Pd 126P Pd 127P Pd 128P Pd 129P Pd 130P Pd 131P Pd 132P Pd 133P Pd 134P Pd 135P Pd 136P Pd 137P Pd 138P Pd 139P Pd 140P Pd 141P Pd 142P Pd 143P Pd 144P Pd 145P Pd 146P Pd 147P Pd 148P Pd 149P Pd 150P Pd 151P Pd 152P Pd 153P Pd 154P Pd 155P Pd 156P Pd 157P Pd 158P Pd 159P Pd 160P Pd 161P Pd 162P Pd 163P Pd 164P Pd 165P Pd 166P Pd 167P Pd 168P Pd 169P Pd 170P Pd 171P Pd 172P Pd 173P Pd 174P Pd 175P Pd 176P Pd 177P Pd 178P Pd 179P Pd 180P PdTable_Q 181P Pd 182P Pd 183P Pd 184P Pd 185P Pd 186P Pd 187P Pd 188P Pd 189P Pd 190P Pd 191P Pd 192P Pd 193P Pd 194P Pd 195P Pd 196P Pd 197P Pd 198P Pd 199P Pd 200P Pd 201P Pd 202P Pd 203P Pd 204P Pd 205P Pd 206P Pd 207P Pd 208P Pd 209P Pdi) Table_NTable_T 210P Pd 211P Pd 212P Pd 213P Pd 214P Pd 215P Pd 216P Pd 217P Pd 218P Pd 219P Pd 220P Pd 221P Pd 222P Pd 223P Pd 224P Pd 225P Pd 226P Pd 227P Pd 228P Pd 229P Pd 230P Pd 231P Pd 232P Pd 233P Pd 234P Pd 235P Pd 236P Pd 237P Pd 238P Pd 239P Pd 240P Pd 241P Pd 242P Pd 243P Pd 244P PdTable_U 245P Pd 246P Pd 247P Pd 248P PdTable_V 249P Pd 250P Pd  CEKQW]cioAutoList21.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.Table_WTable_X 251P Pd 252P Pd 253P Pd 254P Pd 255P Pd 256P Pd 257P Pd 258P Pd 259P Pd 260P Pd 261P Pd 262P Pd 263P Pd 264P PdTable_Y 265P Pd 266P Pd 267P Pd 268P Pd 269P Pd 270P Pd 271P Pd 272P Pd 273P Pd 274P Pd 275P Pd 276P Pd 277P Pd 278P PdTable_Z 279P Pd 280P Pd 281P Pd 282P Pd 283P Pd 284P Pd 285P Pd 286P Pd 287P Pd 288P Pd 289P Pd 290P PdTable_AA 291P Pd 292P Pd 293P Pd 294P Pd 295P Pd 296P Pd 297P Pd 298P Pd 299P Pd 300P Pd 301P Pd 302P Pd CEKQW]emsAutoList1I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)3|x( T$  3#37=CIQYag1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)(UfCEKQW]cioAutoList3I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.(;3$2#  0  .3  0  ū ' 0U eCEKQW]cioAutoList4I.a.I.I.I.I.I.I.(O;$0  2#  a  .3  0` (#(#Table_RTable_S\(((3$ T!       0  (#$  0   $      1    _ԀSeetheAppendixformoredetailsontheShimbergCenterreportandotherfarmworker  studies.TABLE ATABLE BY'<,Acrobat Distiller0 T!   _   XX_Farmworkers_ԀinSouthwestFlorida#X`XL# AXX` 8  FinalReport  J #X`X A#@   &XX`FritzRoka#X`X&r# V UniversityofFlorida j SouthwestFloridaResearchandEducationCenter R _Immokalee_,FL : &XX`DorothyCook#X`X&#  SouthwestFloridaRegionalPlanningCouncil " NorthFt.Myers,FL   e  AXX`#X`X Ar#&XX`  September30,1998#X`X&# AXX` !  #X`X A#  #    AXX`_Farmworkers_ԀinSouthwestFlorida#X`X A#  : Outline `    `     h      p      x  Page L  (e03"3"  32e  I  .3  0    IntroductionandStudyObjectives0(#(#0(#(#0p(#(#0p(#p(#0 (#(#0x (# (#0 x(#x(#13݌ 8 (# (# Ќ  "3"  32e  II  .3  0    AgriculturalProductioninSouthwestFlorida0p(#(#0p(#p(#0 (#(#0x (# (#0 x(#x(#33<݌  (# (# Ќ  ";"  ;k 0  2e  a  .3  0` (#(#  Citrusproduction0h` (#` (#0h(#h(#0(#(#0p(#(#0p(#p(#0 (#(#0x (# (#0 x(#x(#6;k ݌  (# (# Ќ  ";"  ; 0  2e  b  .3  0` (#(#  Tomatoandvegetableproduction0` (#` (#0p(#(#0p(#p(#0 (#(#0x (# (#0 x(#x(#8; ( ݌   (# (# Ќ  "3"  3r 2e  III  .3  0    CountingFarmWorkersinSouthwestFlorida0p(#(#0p(#p(#0 (#(#0x (# (#0 x(#x(#113r ݌p  (# (# Ќ  ";"  ; 0  2e  a  .3  0` (#(#  SouthwestFloridaAgriculturalLaborMarch1997Survey0x` (#` (#0 x(#x(#0@ x(#x(#0@ x(#x(#0@ x(#x(#12; ݌\  (# (# Ќ  ";"  ;H0  2e  b  .3  0` (#(#  SouthwestFloridaAgriculturalLaborJanuary1998Survey0x` (#` (#0 x(#x(#0@ x(#x(#0@ (#(#0@ (#(#0@ p(#p(#0@ (#(#0@ (# (#15;Hu݌H  (# (# Ќ  ";"  ;0  2e  c  .3  0` (#(#  Discussionof_farmworker_Ԁcountsandtrendsin_farmworker_Ԁnumbers0 ` (#` (#19;.݌4  (# (# Ќ  "3"  3u2e  IV  .3  0    DemographicInformationonSeasonal_Farmworkers_ԀinSouthwestFlorida0x(#(#0 x(#x(#233u݌ \ (# (# Ќ  "3"  32e  V  .3  0    PopulationofSeasonal_Farmworkers_ԀandDistributionof_Farmworkers_Ԁacross3݌4(#(# Ќ  ݀0  SouthwestFloridaCounties0h(#(#0h(#h(#0(#(#0p(#(#0p(#p(#0 (#(#0x (# (#0 x(#x(#0@ (# (#0@ x(#x(#30  (# (# VI0  SummaryandConclusion0h(#(#0h(#h(#0(#(#0p(#(#0p(#p(#0 (#(#0x (# (#0 x(#x(#0@ x(#x(#0@ x(#x(#32 (# (# VII0  References    h      p      x  34(#(# VIII0  AppendixPrevious_Farmworker_ԀStudies   p      x   @  @  @  @ 36X(#(# IX0  Attachments0(#(# ";"  ;0  2e  a  .3  0` (#(#  March1997Survey0h` (#` (#0h(#h(#0(#(#0p(#(#0p(#p(#0 (#(#0x (# (#0 x(#x(#0@ x(#x(#0@ x(#x(#44;G݌l (# (# Ќ  ";"  ;0  2e  b  .3  0` (#(#  January1998,EmployerSurvey0` (#` (#0p(#(#0p(#p(#0 (#(#0x (# (#0 x(#x(#45;݌ X (# (# Ќ  ";"  ;F0  2e  c  .3  0` (#(#  January1998,WorkerSurvey0` (#` (#0p(#(#0p(#p(#0 (#(#0x (# (#0 x(#x(#46;Fs݌ D (# (# Ќ   !0     8`XXdd8""J(#   @   XX` _Farmworkers_ԀinSouthwestFlorida X`X Ԉ   (Uf80 I.IntroductionandStudyObjectives  $ ThecitrusandvegetableindustriesofsouthwestFloridahavelongdependeduponasizablenumber   ofseasonal_farmworkers_Ԁtoharvestandperformvariousfieldtasks.Seasonal_farmworkers_Ԁin   southwestFloridaareresponsibleforharvestingalmost180,000acresofcitrustreesandmorethan   31,000acresoffreshvegetablecrops.Inaddition,theyperformseveralpreharvestfieldtasks p   includingtransplanting,tying,stakingandpruning.Ashortageofseasonal_farmworkers_Ԁwould \  seriouslycrimpeconomicviabilityofthecitrusandfreshvegetableindustriesinsouthwestFlorida. H  Seasonal_farmworkers_Ԁhavebeenregardedasanimpoverishedsocioeconomicclassandhavebeen  p  atthecenterofmanypublicdebatesoverissuesof socialjustice.Withminimalformaleducation  \  andlowincomelevels,many_farmworkers_ԀresideinhousingunitswhichmostAmericanswould H deemassubstandard.Foranumberofyears,farmlaboradvocacygroupshavebeenatoddswith 4 someagriculturalgrowersoverwhattheyperceiveasunfairlaborhiringpractices.Further   complicatingtheseasonal_farmworker_Ԁpictureisitshistoricalmigratoryworkpatternsandan   increasingdemographicshifttowardforeignbornworkers,manyofwhomworkinU.S.agriculture  withoutproperauthorizationfromtheImmigrationandNaturalizationService(INS).  Communityleaders,bothinandoutofagriculture,areconcernedabout socialjusticeissues, l includinggeneralworkingconditions,reasonablehousingstandards,andaccesstopublichealthand X educationalservices.Developingreliablestatisticsthatdescribethenumberanddemographic D characteristicsofseasonal_farmworkers_Ԁisthefirststeptowarddraftingappropriateandreasonable 0 plansthatmeetagriculturalandbroadercommunityconcerns. l Anumberofattemptshavebeenmadetoenumeratethe_farmworker_Ԁpopulation.Therateofworker D turnoverandthetransientnatureofseasonal_farmworkers_Ԁhavemadeitdifficulttodevelopaccurate 0 andconsistentestimatesof_farmworker_Ԁnumbers.In1988,theFloridaInstituteofGovernmentand   theCenterforEnvironmentalandUrbanProblemspreparedastudythatestimatedthenumberof ! _farmworker_Ԁinthestatetobe104,000(FAU).Dependentsandspousesaccompanying_farmworkers_ "  werenotincludedinthisestimate.Twoyearslater,theAtlasofStateProfilesincludeddependents #! of_farmworkers_ԀandestimatedFloridas_farmworker_Ԁpopulationtobeinexcessof435,000people. |$" Ofthattotal,183,000peoplewereclassifiedasthemigrant_farmworker_Ԁpopulation.In1993,the h% # MigrantEnumerationProject(LarsonandPlaxcencia)statedthatFloridasmigrant_farmworker_ T&!$ populationwasmorethan238,000peopleincludingdependents.Finally,in1997,theShimberg @'"% CenterforAffordableHousingpublished139,000asFloridasmigrant_farmworker_Ԁpopulationwhich ,(|#& includedboth_farmworkers_Ԁandtheirdependents(Smith). )h$' _Farmworker_ԀestimatesforsouthwestFloridahavebeenequallyvariable.The1988FloridaInstitute *@&) ofGovernmentstudyestimated8,000_farmworkers_Ԁ(nodependents)insouthwestFlorida(FAU).The +,'* study,_Farmworkers_ԀinLeeCounty,citedjobservicestatisticsforthe1992/93seasonindicating  11,600_farmworkers_ԀinCollier,LeeandHendryCounties(Spikowski).TheAtlasofStateProfiles  andtheShimbergCenteranalysisincludeddependentsintheirestimatesof_farmworker_Ԁpopulations  insouthwestFlorida.TheAtlasreportedatotal_farmworker_ԀpopulationinsouthwestFloridaof t almost54,000,ofwhich,almost25,000weremigrant_farmworkers_Ԁandtheiraccompanying ` dependents.TheShimbergestimateplacedtheregionalmigrant_farmworker_Ԁpopulationalonetobe L  slightlymorethan31,000people. 8  Thelackofconsensusamongthepreviousstudies,particularlyoverthenumberof_farmworkers_Ԁin  ` southwestFlorida,pushedcommunityleaderstocallforanotherstudyeffortthatsimplyfocusedon  L  thesouthwestFlorida_farmworker_Ԁpopulation.Alongtermgoalamongcommunityleadersin  8  southwestFloridaistoimprovethequalityandquantityof_farmworker_Ԁhousing.Areliablestatistical $  descriptionofthe_farmworker_Ԁpopulationcouldhelpdraftfuturehousingplansandguidethe   deliveryofhealth,educational,andotherpublicservices.   Thispaperreportsthefindingsofthatstudyeffort.Thestudyobjectivesweretocollectdataonthe   sizeanddemographicfeaturesoftheseasonal_farmworker_ԀpopulationinsouthwestFlorida.Unlike p thepreviousstudies,thiseffortattemptstobase_farmworker_Ԁpopulationestimatesmoreclosely \ aroundtheagriculturalproductionactivities. H Fundingsupportforthisprojectwasreceivedfrombothpublicandprivateentities.Publicsupport  p wasprovidedbytheFloridaDepartmentofCommunityAffairs,andthecountycommissionersof  \ Charlotte,Collier,HendryandLeeCounties.PrivatesupportwasprovidedbytheGulfCitrus H GrowersAssociationandtheRedlandsChristianMigrantAssociation.Thebroadbaseofsupport 4 thatthisprojectreceivedreflectsthebroadcommunityinteresttofindreasonablesolutionsthat   wouldimprovetheoverallwelfareof_farmworkers_.   ThenextsectionofthisreportdescribesagriculturalproductioninsouthwestFloridaandpresents  someexpectationsoffuturedevelopments.Section3developsestimatesofthenumberof  _farmworkers_ԀinsouthwestFlorida.Bothfulltimeandseasonalworkersareconsidered.Section4 l presentsdemographicdataofseasonal_farmworkers_.Demographicdatawerecollectedonage, X  genderandethnicoriginofseasonalworkers.Additionaldatawerefurtherdevelopedtodescribe D! seasonal_farmworker_Ԁhouseholdsincludingthenumberofadults,thenumberandagesofchildren 0"  thatarelivinginthehousehold,andemploymentofhouseholdmembers.Section5combinesthe #l! studyresultswithotherdatasourcestodevelopestimatesofthe_farmworker_Ԁpopulationinsouthwest $X" Florida,includingestimatesofthemigrant_farmworker_Ԁpopulation._Farmworker_Ԁpopulationsare $D # estimatedbysouthwestFloridacounty.Section6concludeswithasummaryandconclusions. %0!$   &"%  X`XXX`II:  AgriculturalProductioninSouthwestFlorida   Thenumberofagriculturalworkersinanareaisdictatedlargelybytheextentofagriculturalactivity  inthearea.Thus,knowingtheextenttowhichthatactivitymaychangeinthenearfutureprovides t agoodbasisforprojectingthelikelychangesinagriculturalemploymentandneedsforhousingand ` otherpublicservices.Thissectionofthereportestablishestheextentofagriculturalactivityin L  southwestFlorida,providingabasisforestimatingthenumberofworkersintheareapresentlyand 8  likelytobethereinthenextfewyears. $ t X`XXX`AgricultureisanimportantcomponenttotheregionaleconomyofsouthwestFlorida.Forthe  L  purposesofthisstudy,southwestFloridaisdefinedtoincludeCharlotte,Collier,Glades,Hendry  8  andLeeCounties.Theregionhassignificantagriculturalresourceswhicharedevotedtocitrus, $  vegetables,sugarcane,ornamentalnurserycropsandcattleproduction.Overthepasttenyears,the   economicimportanceofagricultureinsouthwestFloridahasgrown,bothinitscontributiontothe   regionseconomyandinitsrelativeimportancewithinFloridaagriculture.   #X`XXX`D#Agricultureisan exportindustryproducingandsellingproductsoutoftheregionwhile p channelingincomeandemploymentintotheregion.Fivepercentoftotalearningsandninepercent \ ofemploymentwithinthesouthwestFloridaregionaredirectlyconnectedtoagriculturaloperations H (_Mulkey_Ԁ_et.al_).Indirecteconomicimpactsfromagriculturalproductionareestimatedtobebetween 4 60and70centsperdollarofsalesoutsidetheregion(_Mulkey_Ԁ_et.al_).Thatis,foreverydollarof  p agriculturalproductsoldoutsidetheregion,another60to70centsofeconomicactivityare  \ generatedthroughsupportindustriesandserviceswithintheregion.Agriculturecontributesalmost H onebilliondollarsofsalesrevenuetothesouthwestFloridaeconomy.Whenindirecteconomic 4 impactsareincluded,agriculturalenterpriseshelpsustainmorethan$1.5billionofeconomic   activityinsouthwestFlorida(_Mulkey_Ԁ_et.al_).   Duringthe1995/96season,farmsalestotaledmorethan$880milliondespitebelowaveragecitrus  andtomatoprices.Table1showsthedistributionofagriculturalsalesamongthemajor  commodities.Vegetablesaccountfor45%oftotalagriculturalmarketings.Salesofcitruscrops l makeup28%oftotalsales.Sugarcane,ornamentalnurserycropsandcattlesalescollectively X  contribute27%.Thetwosinglecropsthatprovidethebestindicatorofagriculturalactivityin D! southwestFloridaareorangesandtomatoes.Together,theyaccountfor43%ofallcropsales. 0"  Table2describesthe1995/96plantedacreagebymajorcommoditiesforeachsouthwestFlorida $X" county.Overall,40%ofthelandareainsouthwestFloridaisdedicatedtoagriculture.Agricultural $D # landisespeciallyimportantinGladesandHendryCounties,wherefarmlandrepresentsmorethan %0!$ 70percentofcountyarea.Collectively,citrus,vegetables,sugarcaneandnurserycropscomprise &"% only23%ofthe1.4millionacresofharvested_cropland_ԀinsouthwestFlorida.However,theseare '#& highvaluedcrops.Citrusandsugarcanegeneratecropsalesofmorethan$1,100peracre. (#' Vegetableacreageaveragesmorethan$8,600ofsalesperacreandoneacreofnurserycrops )$( generatesmorethan$22,000offarmsales.Cowcalfoperationsutilizeasignificantamountofland. |*%) Morethanonemillionacressupport164,000headofbroodcows.Forthemostpart,cattleX`XXX`  h+&* #X`XXX`S#X`XXX`H* ddd Xdd Xdd X$$,)TT ,eTT ,TT ,dT ,FTT ,TT ,'Td +  >+ Pq.>&XX`Table1X`X& !q SouthwestFloridaAgriculturalAcreage,Production,AveragePriceandSalesValuefor 5 1995/96Season ZK/!q" q. P  Pq.ZCrop >/$" >SWFla  Harvested   Acres ;,! " ;units ;,!" ;Production   ) XX`(1,000units)X`X ) ;,!  " ;Price   ) XX`($/unit)X`X ) ?,!  " ?Sales   ) XX`($1,000)X`X ) YH, " q. P  Pa.YCitrus L=2 O.__ LXX`OrangesX`X 2# O 2150,540 ;,! O3 ;90#box ;,! O3 ;45,185 ;,! O3 ;$4.80 ?,! O3 ?$216,888 I?, O3 a. P  Pa.I &  i &XX`grapefruitX`X 2#z  219,360 ;,!z 3 ;85#box ;,!z 3 ;7,735 ;,!z 3 ;$2.15 ?,!z 3 ?$16,630 I?,z 3 a. P  Pa.I &   &XX`specialtyX`X 2#E  29,193 ;,!E 3 ;95#box ;,!E 3 ;1,317 ;,!E 3 ;$7.69 ?,!E 3 ?$10,130 I?,E !3 a. P  Pa.I & _ ! &Total ;,!p " ;179,093 ;,!p #3 ; ;,!p $3 ; ;,!p %3 ; ?,!p &3 ?$243,648 p '  YH,\ (3 a. P  Pa.YVegetable L=2').00 LXX`tomatoesX`X 2#'* 218,000 ;,!'+3 ;25#ctn ;,!',3 ;20,889 ;,!'-3 ;$7.66 ?,!'.3 ?$160,010 I?,'/3 a. P  Pa.I & A/ &XX`b.peppersX`X 2#R0 28,350 ;,!R13 ;bu ;,!R23 ;7,532 ;,!R33 ;$10.00 ?,!R43 ?$75,320 I?,R53 a. P  Pa.I & l5 &XX`beansX`X 2#6 22,300 ;,!73 ;bu ;,!83 ;5,400 ;,!93 ;$15.73 ?,!:3 ?$84,942 I?,;3 a. P  Pa.I & 7; &XX`squashX`X 2#H< 22,200 ;,!H=3 ;bu ;,!H>3 ;693 ;,!H?3 ;$13.54 ?,!H@3 ?$9,383 I?,HA3 a. P  Pa.I & bA &XX`cucumberX`X 2#B 22,650 ;,!C3 ;bu ;,!D3 ;1,419 ;,!E3 ;$17.00 ?,!F3 ?$24,123 I?,G3 a. P  Pa.I & -G &XX`watermelonX`X 2#>H 28,500 ;,!>I3 ;cwt ;,!>J3 ;2,585 ;,!>K3 ;$10.20 ?,!>L3 ?$26,367 I?,>M3 a. P  Pa.I & XM &XX`potatoesX`X 2# N 24,200 ;,! O3 ;cwt ;,! P3 ;741 ;,! Q3 ;$23.90 ?,! R3 ?$17,710 I?, S3 a. P  Pa.I & #S &Total ;,!4T ;46,200 ;,!4U3 ; ;,!4V3 ; ;,!4W3 ; ?,!4X3 ?$397,855 4Y  WH, pZ3 a. P  Pa.WSugarcane0  H9.[   H89,000 ;,!\3 ;ton ;,!]3 ;3,097 ;,!^3 ;$31.60 ?,!_3 ?$97,890 WH,`3 a. P  Pa.WPasture(acres) !fa LivestockMarketings "Rb XX`SWFloridaBeefcowsX`X >/$">c >1,072,500 !fd 1/ "Re XX`164,000headX`X ;,!">f3 ;cwt _P!"Rh3 M"A599760M"A_599,760 ^OD"Rj3 M"A599760 M"A ^$62.00 ?,!"Rl3 ?$37,185 WH,"Rn3 a. P  Pa.WNursery/ornamental >/$?$o >4,773 ;,!?$p3 ; ;,!?$q3 ;Є ;,!?$r3 ;Є ?,!?$s3 ?$108,000 YH,?$t3 a. P  PqNYAgriculturalacreage %!u 1995/96 @/$&"v @1,391,566 =,!&"x3 = =,!%!y3 = =,!%!z3 = ?,!%!{3 ?$884,578<20&"}3 qN P   <XX`Source:FloridaAgriculturalStatisticService,VegetableSummary,CitrusSummary,FieldCropsSummary,andLivestock '@#} Summary. ($~ 1/0  Assumptionsbehindlivestockmarketingtotal:0($$a)totalFloridacattlemarketingswere4,760,000cwt;x)$($($    p    x    ( b)SouthwestFloridarepresents12.6%ofstatetotal; <*%    p    x    ( c)23%ofmarketingswerecullcows@$35.40percwt; +P&    p    x    ( d)77%ofmarketingswerecalves@$70.00percwt.X`X +' * dd)TT )eTT eTT dT FTT FTT 'Td '$$,)TT ,eTT ,FTT ,dT ,TT ,TT ,TT ,Td +  >+ Ps->&XX`Table2X`X& #s 1995/96AgriculturalAcreageinSouthwestFloridabyCounty ZK/7" s- P  Ps-ZCrop >/$" >SWFla  Harvested  Acres ;,! " ;Charlotte ;,!" ;Collier ;,!" ;Glades ;,! " ;Hendry ?,! " ?Lee YH, " s- P  Pc-YCitrus L=2 g -__# LXX`OrangesX`X 2# g  2150,540 ;,! g3 ;16,256 ;,! g3 ;31,172 ;,! g3 ;8,631 ;,! g3 ;84,464 ?,! g3 ?10,017 I?, g3 c- P  Pc-I & 0  &XX`grapefruitX`X 2#  219,360 ;,! 3 ;3,498 ;,! 3 ;4,086 ;,! 3 ;390 ;,! 3 ;10,148 ?,! 3 ?1,238 I?, 3 c- P  Pc-I &   &XX`specialtyX`X 2#_  29,193 ;,!_ 3 ;1,429 ;,!_ 3 ;1,325 ;,!_ 3 ;381 ;,!_ 3 ;5,158 ?,!_ 3 ?900 I?,_ !3 c- P  Pc-I & (x ! &Total ;,! " ;179,093 ;,! #3 ;21,183 ;,! $3 ;36,583 ;,! %3 ;9,402 ;,! &3 ;99,770 ?,! '3 ?12,155 YH, (3 c- P  Pc-YVegetable L=2W )-00{ LXX`tomatoesX`X 2#W * 218,000 ;,!W +3 ;700 ;,!W ,3 ;10,400 ;,!W -3 ;300 ;,!W .3 ;4,125 ?,!W /3 ?2,475 I?,W 03 c- P  Pc-I &  p 0 &XX`b.peppersX`X 2# 1 28,350 ;,! 23 ;100 ;,! 33 ;3,100 ;,! 43 ;100 ;,! 53 ;4,400 ?,! 63 ?650 I?, 73 c- P  Pc-I & 7 &XX`beansX`X 2#O8 22,300 J;!O93 # 2J0 J;0O:32 #  J1,900 J;!O;3 # 2J0 J;0O<32 #  J400 N;!O=3 # 2N0 XN;O>32 # c- P  Pc-X & h> &XX`squashX`X 2#{? 22,200 ;,!{@3 ;100 ;,!{A3 ;650 ;,!{B3 ;100 ;,!{C3 ;200 ?,!{D3 ?1,150 I?,{E3 c- P  Pc-I & E &XX`cucumberX`X 2#GF 22,650 ;,!GG3 ;50 ;,!GH3 ;700 ;,!GI3 ;50 ;,!GJ3 ;1,350 ?,!GK3 ?500 I?,GL3 c- P  Pc-I & `L &XX`watermelonX`X 2#sM 28,500 ;,!sN3 ;1,200 ;,!sO3 ;2,500 ;,!sP3 ;500 ;,!sQ3 ;3,200 ?,!sR3 ?1,100 I?,sS3 c- P  Pc-I & S &XX`potatoesX`X 2#?T 24,200 ;,!?U3 ;300 ;,!?V3 ;2,500 J;!?W3 # 2J0 J;0?X32 #  J1,100 ?,!?Y3 ?300 I?,?Z3 c- P  Pc-I & XZ &Total ;,!k[ ;46,200 ;,!k\3 ;2,350 ;,!k]3 ;21,750 ;,!k^3 ;1,200 ;,!k_3 ;14,775 ?,!k`3 ?6,125 WH,ka3 c- P  Pc-WSugarcane0  (ac) H9.7b   H89,000 J;!7c3 # 2J0 YJ07d32 #  # 2Y0 J;07e32 #  J19,000 ;,!7f3 ;70,000 N;!7g3 # 2N0 fW;7h32 # c- P  Pc-fPasture0  (ac) H9.ci   H1,072,500 ;,!cj3 ;158,500 ;,!ck3 ;145,000 ;,!cl3 ;325,000 ;,!cm3 ;337,000 ?,!cn3 ?107,000 WH,co3 c- P  Pc-WNursery/ornamental /p (ac) >/$ q >4,773 ;,!/r3 ;600 ;,!/s3 ;1,530 ;,!/t3 ;143 ;,!/u3 ;1,200 ?,!/v3 ?1,300 YH,/w3 c- P  PcMYAgriculturalAcreage G"x 1995/96 @/$3#y @1,391,566 =,!3#{3 =182,633 =,!3#}3 =204,863 =,!3#3 =354,745 =,!3#3 =522,745 ?,!3#3 ?126,580 3#  WH,$o3 cM P  PS-WLandArea0  (ac) H9.%    H3,488,640 ;,!% 3 ;444,160 ;,!% 3 ;1,296,640 ;,!% 3 ;495,360 ;,!% 3 ;737,920 ?,!% 3 ?514,560 YH,% 3 S- P  Pc=YLandinFarms(%) @/$''w" @40% =,!''w"3 =42% =,!''w"3 =16% =,!''w"3 =72% =,!''w"3 =71% ?,!''w"3 ?25%<20''w"3 c= P   <XX`Source:FloridaAgriculturalStatisticService,VegetableSummary,X`XXX`CitrusSummary,FieldCropsSummary,andLivestock <)$ Summary.#X`Xک# *P%  +' X`XXX`enterprisesarelowintensityoperations.Theanimalsprovidelargelyfortheirownnutritionbygrazingover  vastareasofnativerangeandimprovedpastures.Cattleprovideanimportantsourceofrevenue($35per  acre,Table1))onlandthatisunsuitableforothercommercialactivities.   Citrusproduction  ` Severefreezesinthemidandlate1980'sdestroyedlargeamountsofcitrusacreageincentralFlorida. H  GrowersrespondedbyreplantinginsouthwestFloridaacreagelostinotherregions.Whilesouthwest 4  Florida_flatwood_Ԁsoilsposedifficultwatermanagementchallenges,growersgambledthat#X`XXX`#thereducedcosts  p offewerexpectedfreezeswouldmorethanoffsettheadditionalplantingandmanagementcosts.In1986,  \ southwestFloridaaccountedforlessthan12%oftheFloridacitrusacreage.By1996,theimportanceof  H  southwestFloridahasgrowntomorethan20%ofthestatescitrusindustry.WithinsouthwestFlorida,  4  HendryCountyranksfirstwithalmost100,000acresofcitrus.Collier,Charlotte,LeeandGladesCounties   followindescendingorderofplantedacreage(Table3).   Evidencesuggeststhattherateofnewplantinghasslowed.Between199496,citrusacreageinsouthwest   Floridagrewonly1.4%ascomparedtoa12.3%rateofexpansionbetween199294(Table3).Despitea   decreaseintherateofnewplanting,overallcitrusproductioninsouthwestFloridaisexpectedtoincrease. l Overthenexttenyears,citrusproductionhasbeenprojectedtoincreaseby30%asyoungtreesreachtheir X fullbearingpotential(Table4).Currentproductionisbetween60and62millionboxes.Barringfreezesand D otherunexpectedtreelossevents,citrusproductioninsouthwestFloridaisexpectedtoexceed80million 0 boxesbytheyear2005. l * dd)TT )eTT eFTT FdT TT TT TT Td $$,TT ,TT ,TT ,TT ,EdT ,TT ,TT ,TT ,Td +  >+DD Pq+ >&XX`Table3 e SouthwestFloridaCitrusAcreage, y 19861996X`X& \K/" q+ P   Pq+\Year RA2)y+::  RXX`Florida RA2"+qq RSouthwest O  Florida RA2!"+qq R) % O# SWFlaX`X ) TA2$"+__ TAcreagebyCounty LB/=%" q+ P  PaKL  T% XX`  T%   T%  ( T% (X`XCharlotte =,!&" =Collier =,!'" =Glades =,!(" =Hendry ?,!)" ?Lee SD,*" aK P  PQ+S1986 ;,!= + ;624,492 ;,!= ,3 ;72,480 ;,!= -3 ;XX`11.6%X`X ;,!= .3 ;8,759 ;,!= /3 ;10,063 ;,!= 03 ;6,076 ;,!= 13 ;40,269 ?,!= 23 ?7,313 SD,= 33 Q+ P  Pa+S1988 ;,!!4 ;697,929 ;,!!53 ;87,842 ;,!!63 ;XX`12.6%X`X ;,!!73 ;9,345 ;,!!83 ;17,309 ;,!!93 ;6,235 ;,!!:3 ;54,953 ?,!!;3 ?8,247 SD,!<3 a+ P  Pa+S1990 ;,!-#}= ;732,767 ;,!-#}>3 ;126,252 ;,!-#}?3 ;XX`17.2%X`X ;,!-#}@3 ;11,718 ;,!-#}A3 ;23,565 ;,!-#}B3 ;7,523 ;,!-#}C3 ;73,754 ?,!-#}D3 ?9,692 SD,-#}E3 a+ P  Pa+S1992 ;,!$F ;786,882 ;,!$G3 ;157,239 ;,!$H3 ;XX`20.0%X`X ;,!$I3 ;15,981 ;,!$J3 ;34,167 ;,!$K3 ;9,136 ;,!$L3 ;87,396 ?,!$M3 ?10,559 SD,$N3 a+ P  Pa+S1994 ;,!&m!O ;853,742 ;,!&m!P3 ;176,641 ;,!&m!Q3 ;XX`20.7%X`X ;,!&m!R3 ;19,995 ;,!&m!S3 ;36,534 ;,!&m!T3 ;9,270 ;,!&m!U3 ;98,604 ?,!&m!V3 ?12,238 SD,&m!W3 a+ P  Pa+S1996 ;,!'"X ;857,861 ;,!'"Y3 ;179,093 ;,!'"Z3 ;XX`20.9%X`X ;,!'"[3 ;21,183 ;,!'"\3 ;36,583 ;,!'"]3 ;9,402 ;,!'"^3 ;99,770 ?,!'"_3 ?12,155 WH,'"`3 a+ P  Pq+WXX`%change199294 >/$)m$a >12.3% A0!)m$b3 A L=2)m$c3 ) L25.1% ;,!)m$d3 ;6.9% ;,!)m$e3 ;1.5% ;,!)m$f3 ;12.8% ?,!)m$g3 ?15.9% YH,)m$h3 q+ P  Pa;Y%change199496 @/$m*%i @1.4% 1'!m*%j3 1 (  *\%j (5.9% =,!m*%k3 =0.1% =,!m*%l3 =1.4% =,!m*%m3 =1.2% ?,!m*%n3 ?-0.7%X`X<20m*%o3 a; P  < XX`Source:FloridaAgriculturalStatisticService,AnnualCitrusSummary,19861996.X`X l+&o Growersareconcernedoverthecurrent softmarketconditions.RecordcropsinFloridaandBrazilover   thepasttwoyears,coupledwithonlymoderatedemandgrowth,havedampenedontreepriceexpectations.  Between1990and1996,theaverageontreepriceoforangesfellfrom$5.89perboxto$4.63perbox  (_FASS_). t TheFloridagrapefruitindustryhasbeenintheeconomicdoldrumsforthepastfouryears,asgrowersare L  caughtinaneconomicviceofabundantproductionandflatconsumerdemand.Grapefruitboxessoldfor 8  anaverageof$6.62in1992(_FASS_).During1996,averagegrapefruitpricesfelltolessthan$2.00perbox $ t (_FASS_).Fortunately,grapefruitinsouthwestFloridaaccountsforlessthan12%ofthetotalcitrusacreage  ` andmostoftheharvestedgrapefruitentersafavorableearlyseasonfreshfruitmarket.  L  *!" d dTT TT TT TT EdT ETT TT TT Td  $$,TT ,TT ,dT ,TT ,TT ,TT ,Td +  >+$ $  PrI>&XX`Table4 F  SouthwestFloridaCitrusProduction, Z  HistoricalandProjections,19862010X`X& XG/n " rI P  PrIXSeason =,!=" =Southwest = Florida =,!)y" =Charlotte =,!=" =Collier =,!=" =Glades =,!=" =Hendry ?,!=" ?Lee [H,=" rI P  PR)[ Historical(1,000boxes)  1/ M>& R) P  Pb)M198687 ;,!'w ;22,735 ;,!'w3 ;2,305 ;,!'w3 ;3,386 ;,!'w3 ;1,306 ;,!'w3 ;13,482 ?,!'w3 ?2,256 SD,'w3 b) P  Pb)S198889 ;,! ;24,121 ;,! 3 ;2,548 ;,!!3 ;3,358 ;,!"3 ;1,790 ;,!#3 ;14,539 ?,!$3 ?1,886 SD,%3 b) P  Pb)S199091 ;,!e& ;39,234 ;,!e'3 ;3,647 ;,!e(3 ;6,436 ;,!e)3 ;2,427 ;,!e*3 ;23,520 ?,!e+3 ?3,204 SD,e,3 b) P  Pb)S199293 ;,!- ;46,628 ;,!.3 ;3,896 ;,!/3 ;7,955 ;,!03 ;2,859 ;,!13 ;28,509 ?,!23 ?3,409 SD,33 b) P  Pb)S199495 ;,!S4 ;53,798 ;,!S53 ;4,784 ;,!S63 ;10,963 ;,!S73 ;3,077 ;,!S83 ;31,318 ?,!S93 ?3,656 SD,S:3 b) P  Pb)S199697 ;,!z; ;60,869 ;,!z<3 ;6,177 ;,!z=3 ;12,402 ;,!z>3 ;3,616 ;,!z?3 ;34,931 ?,!z@3 ?3,743 [H,zA3 b) P  Pb)[ Projection(1,000boxes)  2/ M>&AB b) P  Pb)M200102 ;,!h!C ;77,800 ;,!h!D3 ;9,500 ;,!h!E3 ;16,100 ;,!h!F3 ;4,300 ;,!h!G3 ;42,700 ?,!h!H3 ?5,200 SD,h!I3 b) P  Pb)S200506 ;,!"/J ;81,300 ;,!"/K3 ;9,800 ;,!"/L3 ;16,700 ;,!"/M3 ;4,600 ;,!"/N3 ;44,800 ?,!"/O3 ?5,400 UD,"/P3 b) P  Pb9U200910 =,!V$Q =87,800 =,!V$R3 =10,200 =,!V$S3 =18,300 =,!V$T3 =4,800 =,!V$U3 =48,700 ?,!V$V3 ?5,700<20V$W3 b9 P  <XX`Sources: ?&!X Ѐ1/0  FloridaAgriculturalStatisticService(_FASS_),AnnualCitrusSummary,19861996.'S"Y$$ Ѐ2/0  ProjectionsprovidedbyDr.MarkBrown,Economist,FloridaDepartmentofCitrus.X`X'#Z$$ X`XXX`  (#[ Tomato/VegetableProduction   Muchoftheattentionhasfocusedonthetomatoindustry,whichinsouthwestFloridaaccountsfor45%of  totalvegetableacreage.InsouthwestFloridavegetableacreagehasdecreasedbymorethan30%overthe  pastfiveyears(Table5).Tomatoacreagealonehasfallenbyalmost32%sincethe199394seasonwhen p southwestFloridagrowersplanted21,600acres.Theindustrycontractioncoincidedwiththeimplementation \ oftheNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement(_NAFTA_).Mexicancompetitionandgeneralfragmentation H  ofthetomatomarkethavecombinedtodecreaseFloridasshareofthefreshwintertomatomarket. 4  MexicanproduceimportshavealwayscompetedwithFloridaproduceinthewinterfreshvegetablemarket.  \ However,inrecentyears,Mexicangrowershaveaggressivelyadoptednewtechnologieswhichhaveallowed  H  themtosignificantlylowertheirunitproductioncosts.Further,Mexicangrowerscapitalizedonpeso  4  devaluations,whichincreasedtheirfinancialincentivetoexporttomatoesandotherfreshvegetablesinto   theUnitedStates.Finally,Mexicantomatogrowershavepromotedvarietieslabeledas vineripe.These   varietieshaveachievedbroadmarketappealamongconsumersintheUnitedStates.   X`XXX`*#$ d dTT TT dT TT TT TT Td !"$$,uTT ,TT ,dT ,TT ,TT ,TT ,Td +  >+XX PrH>&XX`Table5  HarvestedAcreageofSelectedVegetableCropsinSouthwestFloridaX`X& XG/." rH P  PrHXSeason =,! =Total  (ac) =,!" =Tomatoes =,!" =BellPepper =,!" =Squash =,!" =Cucumber ?,!" ?Watermelon SD," rH P  PR(S198687 n  ;,! Z ;37,800 ;,!n3 ;15,400 ;,!n3 ;7,200 ;,!n 3 ;2,350 ;,!n!3 ;5,350 ?,!n"3 ?7,500 SD,n#3 R( P  Pb(S199293 ;,!$ ;44,150 ;,!%3 ;19,850 ;,!&3 ;8,950 ;,!'3 ;2,400 ;,!(3 ;3,950 ?,!)3 ?9,000 SD,*3 b( P  Pb(S199394 ;,!F+ ;45,625 ;,!F,3 ;21,600 ;,!F-3 ;8,500 ;,!F.3 ;3,700 ;,!F/3 ;1,925 ?,!F03 ?9,900 SD,F13 b( P  Pb(S199495 ;,!l2 ;41,725 ;,!l33 ;19,000 ;,!l43 ;8,100 ;,!l53 ;3,600 ;,!l63 ;3,125 ?,!l73 ?7,900 SD,l83 b( P  Pb(S199596 ;,! 29 ;39,700 ;,! 2:3 ;18,000 ;,! 2;3 ;8,350 ;,! 2<3 ;2,200 ;,! 2=3 ;2,650 ?,! 2>3 ?8,500 SD, 2?3 b( P  Pb(S199697 X"@  ;,!D#A ;31,700 ;,!X"B3 ;14,700 ;,!X"C3 ;6,800 ;,!X"D3 ;1,200 ;,!X"E3 ;2,000 ?,!X"F3 ?7,000 SD,X"G3 b( P  Pb(S) XX`%change $ H 19931996X`X ) ;,!j% I ;-30.5% ;,!% K3 ;-31.9% ;,!% M3 ;-20.0% ;,!% O3 ;-67.6% ;,!% Q3 ;-3.9% ?,!% S3 ?-29.3% UD,% U3 b( P  Pb8U) XX`%change 'l"V 19861996X`X ) =,!'#W =-16.1% =,!(X#Y3 =-4.5% =,!(X#[3 =-5.6% =,!(X#]3 =-48.9% =,!(X#_3 =-62.6% ?,!(X#a3 ?-6.7%<20(X#c3 b8 P  <XX`Source:FloridaAgriculturalStatisticService,VegetableSummary199697X`X *h%d  +'f *%& d duTT uTT dT TT TT TT Td #$$$, TT ,UdT ,TT ,TT ,dT ,TT ,Td +  >+ Pp*>&XX` Table6  p ComparisonofVegetableAcreageinSouthwestFloridawithStateTotals, 4 1986and1996 X`X& VG/H" p* P  Pp*V 6'F 6199697 F3$F" F198687 XG/F" p* P  P`JX 4#l  4FLState =,!l " =SWFla =,!l  " =XX`%SWFlaX`X =,!l  " =FLState =,!l  " =SWFla ?,!l  " ?XX`%SWFlaX`X SD,l  " `J P  PP*STomato ;,! B ;37,300 ;,! B3 ;14,700 ;,! B3 ;XX`39.4%X`X ;,! B3 ;53,300 ;,! B3 ;15,400 ?,! B3 ?XX`28.9%X`X SD, B3 P* P  P`*SBellPepper ;,!h  ;19,000 ;,!h 3 ;6,800 ;,!h 3 ;XX`35.8%X`X ;,!h 3 ;18,500 ;,!h 3 ;7,200 ?,!h 3 ?XX`38.9%X`X SD,h 3 `* P  P`*SSquash ;,!.  ;8,500 ;,!. 3 ;1,200 ;,!. 3 ;XX`14.1%X`X ;,!. 3 ;15,200 ;,!. 3 ;2,350 ?,!. !3 ?XX`15.5%X`X SD,. "3 `* P  P`*SCucumber ;,!T # ;9,100 ;,!T $3 ;2,000 ;,!T %3 ;XX`22.0%X`X ;,!T &3 ;16,100 ;,!T '3 ;5,350 ?,!T (3 ?XX`33.2%X`X SD,T )3 `* P  P`*SWatermelon ;,! * ;30,000 ;,! +3 ;7,000 ;,! ,3 ;XX`23.3%X`X ;,! -3 ;46,100 ;,! .3 ;7,500 ?,! /3 ?XX`16.3%X`X UD, 03 `* P  Pp:UTotal =,!P1 =103,900 =,!P23 =31,700 =,!P33 = 30.5%  =,!P43 =149,200 =,!P53 =37,800 ?,!P63 ? 25.3% <20P73 p: P   <XX`Source:FloridaAgriculturalStatisticService,VegetableSummary199697 b8 X`XX`XXX`ԀAtonetime,FloridamaturegreentomatovarietiesdominatedwintergroceryshelvesinnortheasternUnited b: States.ThematuregreencontinuestobethemainstayoftheFloridatomatoindustry.Thesearehigh N; yieldingvarietieswithgoodextendedshelflifecharacteristics.However,theintroductionofvineripe :< varieties,withsimilarshelflifequalities,hasfragmentedthewintertomatomarket.Inaddition,clusterand &= hothousetomatoeshaveexpandedthechoicesavailabletotheconsumingpublicandfurtherreducedthe > retailshelfspaceonceoccupiedbyFloridatomatoes. ? WhilethevegetableindustryinsouthwestFloridafacescriticalchallenges,itisdifficulttopredictthefuture A sizeandscopeoftheindustry.Despitetheindustryscontraction,itisprematuretoforecastitsgeneral rB demise.Tables5and6suggestahistoricalperspectivetemperssomeofthecurrentgeneralpessimism.To ^C someextent,vegetableacreageinsouthwestFloridahasbeencyclicalandtherecentdeclineinvegetable J D acreageisnotasgreatifcomparedto198687levels(Table5).Further,acreagestatisticsindicatethatthe 6!E relativeimportance#X`XXX`M#X`XXX`ofthesouthwestFloridavegetableindustryhasbeenincreasing(Table6).Urbanization ""rF ofDadeandPalmBeachCountieshasforcedsomeagriculturaloperationstorelocatetosouthwestFlorida.#X`XXX`"# #^G Volatility,bothwithrespecttopriceandproduction,isakeyfeaturewithinthevegetableindustry.Adverse $6 I weatherinoneproductionregion,quicklyimpactsthemarketandcouldbringfavorablepriceconditionsto %"!J unaffectedregions.Suchconditionstookplaceduringthe1997/98growingseasonwhenElNinoinduced &"K weatherhamperedMexicanvegetableproductionandgrowersinsouthwestFloridaenjoyedprofitable '"L marketpricesformostofthegrowingperiod. (#M Finally,onemustneverunderestimatetheingenuityofagriculturalproducers.Theremaininggrowersin n*%O southwestFloridaarehighlysophisticatedandarepursuingyieldenhancingtechnologies.Asan Z+&P organization,theysecuredatradeagreementwithMexicoin1996thatestablisheda$5.17floorpriceof  importedtomatoes.If,infact,thematuregreentomatohaslostsomemarketappeal,growerswill  experimentwithdifferenttomatoandvegetablevarieties.Overall,marketfragmentationcouldoffernew  nichemarketopportunitiesasgrowersrespondtomeetconsumerstastesandpreferences. t   L  H III:  Counting_Farmworkers_ԀinSouthwestFlorida   Aprimaryobjectiveofthisstudywastoestimatethenumberof_farmworkers_ԀinsouthwestFlorida.  Thisstudyadoptedanindirectapproachtodevelop_farmworker_Ԁcountsusingdatasourcessuchas t cropacreageandworkerproductivityestimates.Adirectapproachwouldrelyonacensusof ` _farmworkers_.Previousattemptsatconductingacensusofseasonal_farmworkers_Ԁhaveproved L  inaccuratebecausealargenumberofseasonal_farmworkers_Ԁmigrateamongproductionregionsand 8  thereforedonotmaintainpermanentresidencies. $ t Withinmanypublicagencies,_farmworkers_Ԁareseparatedinto seasonaland migrantcategories  L  onthebasisoftheirresidencystatus.Inthiscontext,aseasonal_farmworker_Ԁresidesinonelocation  8  yearroundwhileamigrant_farmworker_Ԁchangesresidencesatleastonceduringtheyear.Inthis $  report,theterm seasonal_farmworker_isusedslightlydifferently.Aseasonal_farmworker_Ԁisdefined   asanemploymentcategory.Thatis,someonewhoisemployedonanasneededordaytodaybasis.   Amigrant_farmworker_Ԁisconsideredtobeaseasonalworker,butwiththedemographicdistinction   ofchangingresidences.SectionIVofthisreportsummarizeshow_farmworkers_Ԁansweredquestions   regardingwhethertheyweremigrant_farmworkers_Ԁornot. p Bydefinition,a_farmworker_Ԁisemployeddoingfieldactivitiesrelatedtotheproductionandharvest H ofanagriculturalcommodity.Therefore,thenumericalcountsestimatedinthisstudydonotinclude 4 workersinpackinghousesandprocessingplants.Estimatesof_farmworkers_Ԁaredevelopedforboth  p fulltimeandseasonalworkers.Fulltime,orpermanentworkers,occupyyearroundpositionsand  \ includetractordrivers,equipmentmaintenancepersonnel,farmmanagers,andofficesupportstaff. H Seasonal_farmworkers_Ԁareimportanttocarryoutanumberoffieldtasks.Ofparticularimportance 4 isharvesting.CitrusandvegetableindustriesinsouthwestFloridarelyonseasonalworkerstohand   pickfruitandvegetables.Vegetablegrowersutilizeseasonalworkersthroughouttheproduction   seasontotransplant,stake,tieandpruneplants.Atonetime,sugarcanewashandcutbyseasonal  _farmworkers_.However,since1993thesugarindustryinsouthFloridahasconvertedcompletelyto  mechanicalharvesting.Sugarcanegrowersstilldependonseasonallabortoannuallyreplantas  muchas30%oftheiracreage(Shine). l Cropacreageisthebasisforestimatingthenumberoffulltime_farmworkers_Ԁpercommodity.Farm D! payrollrecordsprovideaccuratecountsoffulltimeworkers.Bygroupingemployerrecordsbycrop, 0"  aratioofacresperworkeriscalculatedbydividingcropacreagebytotalnumberoffulltime #l! employees.ApplyingthisacreworkerratiotothecropacreageinsouthwestFloridaprovidesan $X" industrylevelestimateoffulltimeemployment. $D # Accurateestimatesofseasonal_farmworker_Ԁnumberscannotbedevelopedsolelythroughemployer &"% payrollrecordsandcropacreage.Seasonal_farmworkers_Ԁmakeupa casuallaborforce.Thatis, '#& workersdecideonadailybasiswhenandtowhomtheyselltheirlaborservices.Onepersonmay (#' worksixdaysaweek,anotheronlytwo.Onepersonmayworkforthesamefarmyearafteryear, )$( anotherpersonmayswitchemployersweeklyorevendaily.Whiletotalcropacreagemayprovide |*%) aninitialbasistoestimate_farmworker_Ԁnumbers,amoreaccurateaccountingwilldependonknowing h+&* thedailyvolumeoracreageofspecificworktasks,theproductivityofanaverageworkerbytask,  andanestimateofanaverageworkersworkweekhours.  Twosurveyeffortswereconductedtoestimatethenumberoffulltimeandseasonal_farmworkers_ t insouthwestFlorida.ThefirstefforttookplaceduringMarchof1997.Datafromthissurvey ` providedestimatesoffulltime_farmworkers_,andtosomeextentthedemandforseasonal L  _farmworkers_.ThesecondsurveyeffortcommencedJanuary1998.Thissurveycollecteddataon 8  workerproductivityandseasonal_farmworker_Ԁdemographics. $ t  A.  SouthwestFloridaAgriculturalLaborSurveyMarch1997   L  AttachmentI(page44)isacopyofthesurveywhichwasdistributedtoagriculturallandownersin $  southwestFloridaduringMarch1997.Thefirstpartofthesurveyclarifiedwhetherthelandowner   madetherelevantlaboremploymentdecisions.Ifnot,thelandownerwasaskedtoforwardthe   surveyorprovidethenameoftheindividualorcompanywhomanagedthepropertyandmade   employmentdecisions.Thesecondpartofthesurveyaskedforthetotalnumberofemployeeson   handasofMarch12,1997.The12thdaywaschosenasamatterofemployerconvenience,since p thisisthesamemonthlyreferencedayusedbyotherstatisticalagenciestocollectlabormarket \ information.Theemployerwasaskedtoseparatetotalemploymentintopermanentandseasonal H categories.Seasonalworkershiredthroughindependentcontractorswerelistedseparately.Ifthe 4 landowner/employerdidnotknowtheexactnumberofcontractedworkers,theywereaskedto  p providethenamesofcontractorsusedonthereferenceday.Finally,thethirdpartofthesurvey  \ askedforagenericdescriptionoftheagriculturaloperation(s)includingcommoditiesgrownand H theirapproximateacreage. 4 Amailinglistof767agriculturallandownerswascompiledfromaddressrecordsofthefivecounty   propertyappraisersofficesinsouthwestFlorida.ThefirstmailingtookplaceduringearlyMarch.  Afollowupmailingoccurredonemonthlater.103individualsfromtheoriginalmailinglistwere  identifiedeitherasoutofbusinessorasinvestorswhodidnotcontributetotheemployment  decisions.Oftheremaining664names,171(25.8%)respondedwithemploymentinformation. l Table7summarizestheresponserateandthecommodityacreagerepresentedbythesurvey X  respondents.Basedon1995/96acreagereportedinTable1,surveyemploymentresponses D! represented76%ofthecitrusacreage,36%ofthevegetableacreageand70%ofthesugarcane 0"  acreageinsouthwestFlorida.Surveydatawereusedtodevelopperacreestimatesofpermanent #l! positionsincitrus,vegetable,sugarcane,andornamentalnurseryoperations. $X" Thedatawereseparatedbycommoditygroupsandwerefurthersortedbyrespondentswhoreported %0!$ laborinformationononlyonecommodityversusthoseoperationswhichgrewmultiplecrops.Table &"% 8presentsdatafromthoserespondentswhoreportedlabordataonasinglecommodity. Acresper '#& fulltimeworkerwascalculatedfromthereporteddataandrepresentedtheratioofthereported (#' acrestonumberoffulltimeworkers.Forexample,82surveyrespondentsreportedthatthey )$( collectivelyhired792fulltimeworkersfor97,532acresofcitrus.Thistranslatesto123acresper |*%) fulltimeworker.InTable9,thisratioisutilizedtogeneratetheestimateof1,456fulltimeworkers h+&* whoareemployedbythesouthwestFloridacitrusindustry.Similaracreagetoworkerratioswere  calculatedforvegetable,sugarcaneandornamentalnurseries.Insufficientdatawerecollectedfrom  cattleoperationstodetermineacomparableacreworkerratio.However,anestimateofthetotal  8*'( d d TT UdT UTT TT dT TT Td %&(#(#, dT ,TT ,TT ,Td +  >+`` Pg:>  &XX`Table7 A&  & ASummaryoftheSouthwestFloridaAgriculturalLaborSurvey  + March1997X`X& X)G/ ?  g: P  P:X  Commodity =*,! 4 ) =Numberof  4  Growers1/ =+,! "* =Acreage ?,,! 4 "+ ?Proportionof  4  1995/96Acreage SD, " : P , PW*SCitrus 6,!M  6113 'M " '134,811 0M " 076% SD,M " W* P  PW*SVegetables 6,!  623 ' " '17,623 0 " 036% SD, " W* P  PW*SSugarcane 6,!'w  614 ''w " '62,356 0'w " 070% SD,'w " W* P  PW*SPasture 6,! 624 '" '142,839 0" 013% UD," W* P  PW:UOrnamentalNurseries =,!Q =25 =,!Q" =886 ?,!Q " ?20%<20Q!" W: P   <XX`1/0  Totalrespondentswere171outof664potentialrespondents(25.8%).Somerespondentsgrewmultiple 'w! commodities.#X`XX#Ԁ;"(#(# *-. dd dT TT TT Td '((#(#,$T ,$T ,$T ,$T ,$T ,dT ,$d +  >/0+% Pf>  &XX`Table8 B& FulltimeandseasonalagriculturallaborrequirementsbycommodityX`X& V' March1997Survey X12G/j(  f P /0 PfX 434#O)12 41997 O* Singlecrop ;+ respondents =56,!' w,"34 =Responding O- acreage =78,!;."56 =Fulltime O/ workers =9:,!;0"78 =Seasonal O1 workers ;2  =;<=,!' w3"9: =Acresper O4 fulltime ;5 worker ?>?,!' w6";<= ?Acresper O7 seasonal ;8 worker SD,' w9" f P >? PCScitrus ;,!! : ;82 ;,!! ;" ;97,532 ;,!! <" ;792 ;,!! =" ; 1/  ;@,!! >" ;123 ?,!! ?"@ ?Є SD,! @" C P  wSSvegetable ;,!#aA ;14 ;,!#aB" ;10,864 ;,!#aC" ;173 ;,!#aD" ;861 ;A,!#aE" ;63 ?,!#aF"A ?13 SD,#aG" S w  PSSsugarcane ;,!$H ;8 ;,!$I" ;7,812 ;,!$J" ;27 ;,!$K" ; 2/  ;B,!$L" ;289 ?,!$M"B ?Є SD,$N" S P  PSSnursery ;,!%-!O ;22 ;,!%-!P" ;759 ;,!%-!Q" ;815 ;,!%-!R" ;88 ;C,!%-!S" ;2.35 3/  ?,!%-!T"C ?8.6 UD,%-!U" S P  PS&Ucattle =,!2'"V =6 =,!2'"W" =4,400 =,!2'"X" =8 =,!2'"Y" =Є =D,!2'"Z" = 4/  ?,!2'"["D ?Є<202'"\" S& P   <XX`1/0  Limitedinformationwasavailablefromcitrusgrowersonnumbersofseasonal_farmworkers_Ԁbecausethey )X$] generallyhireharvestinglaborthroughlaborcontractors.)%^(#(# 2/0  Atthetimeofthesurvey(March),demandforseasonalworkersbysugarcanegrowerswaslow.*%_(#(# 3/0  Ratioreflectsamixtureoftreenurseriesandbeddingplantnurseries.T+&`(#(# 4/0  Workerproductivitymeasuresforcattleareafunctionofthenumberofanimalshandledratherthantheacreage ,h'a  ofpasture.Surveyrespondentsdidnotprovidecattlenumbers.,,(b(#(# X`Xnumberoffulltimeworkersoncattleoperationsdatawasestimatedfromanassumptionthatone   fulltimepersonwasrequiredper750broodcows,aminimumsizeherdtobecommerciallyviable.  Alimitedamountofinformationonseasonal_farmworkers_ԀwascollectedfromtheMarch1997 t survey.Citrusharvestiscoordinatedprimarilythroughspecializedlaborcontractingcompanies. ` Ingeneral,citrusharvestersareconsideredemployeesofthelaborcontractorandnotofthegrower. L  Asaresult,therewaslittleinformationfromtheMarchsurveytodrawrelationshipsbetweencitrus 8  acreageandnumbersofseasonal_farmworkers_. $ t Whilevegetableandnurseryproducersutilizecrewleadersandlaborcontractorstorecruitworkers,  L  thesegrowerstypicallymaintainthepayrollaccounts,andthereforeseasonal_farmworkers_Ԁare  8  consideredemployeesofthefarm.Datafromvegetableandnurseryoperationsprovidedsome $  evidenceofseasonalfarmlaborrequirements.Onthereferenceday(March12,1997),oneseasonal   _farmworker_Ԁwasemployedforevery13acresofvegetables.Similarlyfornurseryoperations,one   seasonal_farmworker_Ԁwasemployedforevery8.6acresofnurseryproduction.Aspreviouslystated,   estimatingthenumberofseasonal_farmworkers_Ԁbasedonacreagewillnotbeaccuratebecausethey   arehiredonadailybasistodospecifictasks.Surveyworkin1998correlated_farmworker_Ԁnumbers p withfarmtasksandestimatesofworkerproductivity. \ &jW%XX`*EF dd$T $T $T $T $T dT $d -.(#(#,$T ,$T ,$T ,dd +  >GH+ p p P`>&%&jWTable9  EstimationoffulltimeagriculturallaborrequirementsbycommodityX`X&   XIJG/0" ` P GH P`X 4KL#IJ 41995/96Southwest  Floridaagricultural  acreage1/ =MN,!"KL =Acresperfulltime  worker2/ ?OPQ,!"MN ?Numberoffulltime  workers3/ SD," ` P OPQ PHScitrus ;,!0  ;179,093 ;,!0!" ;123 ?R,!0"" ?1,456 SD,0#" H P R PXSvegetable ;,! $ ;46,200 ;,! %" ;63 ?S,! &" ?734 SD, '" X P S PXSsugarcane ;,!!(( ;89,000 ;,!!()" ;289 ?T,!!(*" ?308 SD,!(+" X P T PXSnursery ;,!,#|, ;4,773 ]N!,#|-" @2.35@]2.35 UoB,#|." @2.35 @ @2031@2,031 vVeM,#|/" @2031 X P @U PX`vcattlepasture =W,!$0V =1,072,500 =X,!$1"W =na ?YZ,!$2"X ?218 $3 4/ YH,l% 4" X` P YZ PH YEstimatednumberoffulltimeagriculturalworkersinsouthwest &!5 Florida d[Q$'"6 @4747@d4,747]SQ&!7" @4747 H P  @[ ]XX`1/0  FloridaAgriculturalStatisticServiceandTable1.^)$8(#(# 2/0  BasedonMarch1997SouthwestFloridaAgriculturalLaborSurvey(seeTable8)"*r%9(#(# 3/0  Dividetotalacresbyacresperworker.*6&:(#(# 4/0  Onefulltimeworkerassumedper750head.SouthwestFloridacowinventory164,000head(Table1).+&;(#(#  X`X n,'<  Table9summarizestheestimatednumberoffulltimepositionsbyagriculturalcommodityin   southwestFlorida.Morethan4,700workersareemployedfulltimebycitrus,vegetable,sugarcane,  nursery,andcattleoperationsinsouthwestFlorida.Notincludedinthisestimateareworkers  employedbypackinghouses,processingplants,andfruithaulingcompanies. t  B.  SouthwestFloridaSeasonalAgriculturalLaborSurveyJanuary1998  L  MultiplesurveyeffortswereinitiatedduringJanuary1998.Theseeffortsfocusedprimarilyonthe $ t citrusandvegetableindustriesandweredesignedtodevelopnumericalestimatesanddemographic  ` statisticsoftheseasonal_farmworker_ԀpopulationinsouthwestFlorida.Bothemployersand  L  _farmworkers_Ԁwereinterviewed.Employersurveyscollectedinformationon_farmworker_Ԁhoursand  8  productionperformancebyfieldtask.Thefirstpartoftheworkersurveycollectedinformationabout $  jobperformanceovertwotimeperiodsthefirstweekofJanuaryandthesevendayspriortothe   surveydate.Jobquestionsincludedtypeofjobdone,hoursworked,paymentmethodandhowmuch   wasaccomplishedduringthehoursworked.Thesecondpartoftheworkersurveyasked   demographicquestionsincludingresidencystatusinsouthwestFloridaandhouseholdcharacteristics.   Attachment2presentstheemployerquestionnaireandAttachment3presentstheworker p questionnaire.SectionIVofthisreportsummarizestheresultsofthedemographicquestions. \ Employerand_farmworker_Ԁinformationwasusedtodevelopcountsofseasonal_farmworkers_Ԁincitrus 4 andtomatoes.TheweekofJanuary411,1998waschosenasthereferenceweektodevelop  p seasonal_farmworker_Ԁcounts.WhilethefirstweekofJanuarydidnotrepresentpeakvegetable  \ production,thereferenceweekdidcoincidewiththepeakharvestperiodoftheearlyandmidseason H citruscrop.Specifically,theFloridaDepartmentofLaborchoseJanuary6thastheirreferenceday 4 fortheEarly/MidSeasonCitrusPrevailingWageandRateSurvey(King).   Tables10and11presentinformationrelevanttotheestimateofseasonal_farmworkers_Ԁemployedin  citrusharvestingoperationsonJanuary6th.Tables12and13developsimilarinformationfor  seasonal_farmworkers_Ԁemployedontomatofarms.Table14summarizestheseasonal_farmworker_  counts. l  Citrus  D! Table10summarizestheinformationusedtoestimatethedailyvolumeofcitrusharvestedbetween ,"|  January411thinsouthwestFlorida.TheCitrusAdministrativeCommitteereportedstatelevel #h! weeklyharvestvolumes.ThisvolumewasallocatedtosouthwestFloridabytheacreageproportion $T" ofearly/midoranges,grapefruitandspecialtytrees.Onlyearly/midseasonorangevarietieswere $@ # countedbecauselateseasonoranges(_Valencias_)werenotbeingharvestedduringthefirstweekof %,!$ January.AnestimateofdailyharvestvolumefromsouthwestFloridawasbasedontheassumptions &"% thataweeklyharvestvolumewasspreadequallyoversixharvestdays.Giventheavailablestatistics '#& andstatedassumptions,anestimated376,000boxesofcitruswereharvestedperdayinsouthwest (#' FloridabetweenJanuary411,1998. )$(   d+&* *\] dd$T $T $T dd EF(#(#,dT ,dT ,dT ,dd +  >^_+ P]>&XX`  Table10 :  EstimateofdailycitrusharvestvolumebetweenJanuary411,1998in N southwestFlorida &jW%& b  X`aG/v  ] P ^_ P]X 4bc#5 `a 4Statewideharvest  ] Jan411,1998  5 (boxes)1/ =de,!  "bc =SouthwestFlorida  ]  production  5  percentages    2/ ?fg,! "de ?Estimateofcitrus 5  harvestinsouthwest  ] Florida  5 (boxes) SD, " ] P fg P: Searly/midoranges ;,!  ;9,841,000 ;,! 3 ;20.5% ?,! 3 ?2,017,000 SD, 3 : P  PJ Sgrapefruit ;,!+  ;1,383,000 ;,!+ 3 ;12.0% ?,!+ 3 ?166,000 SD,+ 3 J P  PJ Sspecialty ;,! Z  ;607,000 ;,! Z 3 ;12.0% ?,! Z 3 ?73,000 WhH, Z 3 J P  P WTotalcitrusboxesharvestedinsouthwestFlorida,January411,1998 9i&y h 92,256,000 YjH,y 3 P i PJ]YDailycitrusharvest(boxes)3/ Bk/$!j B376,000<20"3 J] P  k <%&jW1/0  CitrusAdministrativeCommittee(_Chadwick_).#(#(# 2/0  FloridaAgriculturalStatisticsService,AnnualCitrusSummary199697.Productionpercentagesbasedon c$ bearingacres.'w%(#(# 3/0  Therewasassumedtobesixharvestdaysperweekandharvestvolumewasassumedtobeequaltotheaverage ;& dailyharvest.'(#(# &jW%*lm dddT dT dT dd \](#(#,dT , dd +  >n+K+K P>&%&jW  Table11 , NumberofcitrusharvestersemployeddailybetweenJanuary411,1998in - southwestFlorida &jW%& .   Mo>&/  P n MTotalnumberofworkerssampled1/ 6p#I!0o 61,313workers SD,I!1"   p PASTotalhoursworkedonJanuary6,19981/ 6#"2 611,060hours UqD,"3" A P  PAhUTotalboxespicked1/ 6r##+4q 6107,610boxes SD,#+5" Ah P r PASAveragedailyproductivity 6#\% 6 682boxes/worker SD,\% 7" A P  PASEstimatednumberofboxesharvesteddaily(Table10) 6#&!8